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| Chief Ezekiel Fatoye to Asabeafrika…’GSM companies must enlist on our stock exchange to boost our economy’ |
In this second part of our exclusive
encounter with Nigerian born Telecommunications guru and former Executive
Director of NITEL, Chief Ezekiel Olasunmoye Fatoye, he explained to Asabeafrika how one of Nigeria’s
leading CDMAs, Multi-links which he
co-founded with some Indian expatriates in 1996 collapsed at the entry of the
Global System Mobile (GSM Technology) in year 2001.
encounter with Nigerian born Telecommunications guru and former Executive
Director of NITEL, Chief Ezekiel Olasunmoye Fatoye, he explained to Asabeafrika how one of Nigeria’s
leading CDMAs, Multi-links which he
co-founded with some Indian expatriates in 1996 collapsed at the entry of the
Global System Mobile (GSM Technology) in year 2001.
Chief Fatoye who is the Vice-Chairman of Multi-links a telecommunications concern which appealed to the
elites in terms of service delivery gave a detailed history of how the CDMA
technology which started in America collapsed at the entry of the GSM
Technology in 2001. For the very first time, the Gbongan, Osun state born telecoms guru who has spent straight 50
years in the telecoms sector told your Africa’s number 1 celebrity encounter
blog Asabeafrika why Multi-links alongside other CDMA like Zoom and Starcomms collapsed in the face of GSM Technology. It is a
collector’s item of an interview. Find a seat with your favorite drink and
enjoy the encounter. Enjoy!
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| Chief Ezekiel Fatoye to Asabeafrika…’I saw the crash of the CDMA sector coming early and that was why we sold Multilinks early enough’ |
As the Godfather of Private Telecommunications
business in Nigeria and one of the Founders of the Famous Multi-links network,
what can you say is the real cause of the sudden failure of the Code Division
Multiple Access (CDMA) technology in Nigeria?
business in Nigeria and one of the Founders of the Famous Multi-links network,
what can you say is the real cause of the sudden failure of the Code Division
Multiple Access (CDMA) technology in Nigeria?
I wrote
something recently in one of the I.T. magazines, examining what is happening in
the private telecommunications market. Then, if you recall, the private
telecommunications business started with so much difficulties in this country.
These companies, Starcomms, Multi-links, Intercellular, and all the likes experienced the whole problems
before the GSM people came. Now, if I look at the issue of the CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access),
I can tell you that CDMA is a super
technology. It is a very good technology super than GSM because CDMA was
initially designed for the American military intelligence during the cold war
era. Before the end of the cold war, it was not allowed to be used for public
consumption. After the cold war ended, America gave an order that it can now be
licensed out and let people use the technology for on a commercial base.
Unfortunately, at that time, the European companies had spent so much money to
develop the GSM technology. And they
knew fully well that CDMA and GSM will be highly competitive. So,
what happened? By the time we came into the business, we were looking at both
networks—the advantage of CDMA to GSM, you don’t need as much frequency
spectrum which is very scarce in any country in the world. The spectrum is very
scarce. So, the CDMA frequency could be very small and yet it could expand. We
could have as many customers with the technology.
something recently in one of the I.T. magazines, examining what is happening in
the private telecommunications market. Then, if you recall, the private
telecommunications business started with so much difficulties in this country.
These companies, Starcomms, Multi-links, Intercellular, and all the likes experienced the whole problems
before the GSM people came. Now, if I look at the issue of the CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access),
I can tell you that CDMA is a super
technology. It is a very good technology super than GSM because CDMA was
initially designed for the American military intelligence during the cold war
era. Before the end of the cold war, it was not allowed to be used for public
consumption. After the cold war ended, America gave an order that it can now be
licensed out and let people use the technology for on a commercial base.
Unfortunately, at that time, the European companies had spent so much money to
develop the GSM technology. And they
knew fully well that CDMA and GSM will be highly competitive. So,
what happened? By the time we came into the business, we were looking at both
networks—the advantage of CDMA to GSM, you don’t need as much frequency
spectrum which is very scarce in any country in the world. The spectrum is very
scarce. So, the CDMA frequency could be very small and yet it could expand. We
could have as many customers with the technology.
 |
| Chief Ezekiel Olasunmoye Fatoye to Asabeafrika…’I never regretted letting Multi-Links go off our sleeves’ |
For GSM you
need so much frequency band and each of that frequency bands is highly
technical and complex. So, because of that, CDMA was a better technology, but then, what happened? I can liken
it to an industrial war between the two technologies. From the manufacturer and
developmental point of view, there was war. I remembered at a stage, that the
likes of Ericson, Siemens and others were opposed to CDMA. Even Motorola in America was opposed to CDMA, but there was nothing anybody can do. The company that was
really developing CDMA was a small
company in USA- that is Qualcomm.
need so much frequency band and each of that frequency bands is highly
technical and complex. So, because of that, CDMA was a better technology, but then, what happened? I can liken
it to an industrial war between the two technologies. From the manufacturer and
developmental point of view, there was war. I remembered at a stage, that the
likes of Ericson, Siemens and others were opposed to CDMA. Even Motorola in America was opposed to CDMA, but there was nothing anybody can do. The company that was
really developing CDMA was a small
company in USA- that is Qualcomm.
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They are the people who developed CDMA. What then happened was that the GSM,
after some time…there was a time Qualcomm
management was in financial crisis and Ericson
bought Qualcomm over; and Ericson has spent so much money on GSM
technology. So, by buying it over, it was a good opportunity for them to
suppress the developmental rise of CDMA technology. So, because of that, there
was a problem. The other problem they had was the problem of terminal. CDMA has no code terminals at all, and
NOKIA was so busy preparing terminals. Because when you make terminals, you make
it for the mass market. So, where is the mass market? The GSM people already had the mass market in the whole of Europe, even
those in China and India had good market. I recall the
first CDMA trial exchange we went to
see in India was about a hundred and
one thousand lines. It was I and former FCT Minister Nasir El-Rufai that went in there; we went to India in 1996 to see the first CDMA
trial exchange. It was in New Delhi, but because of the
problems I am telling you about, that are the terminal problems, the
developmental problems and you can see that today, we have many terminals for GSMs. We have Blackberry; we have Nokia,
Galaxy,
Apple
and all the rest. So, you can see that developmental stage of GSM has overtaken CDMA. The simple cost of
this is visibility. The beauty of a technology is visibility, what the customer
can see. The facilities on the GSM
are inevitable, so you now find that all over the world the GSM technology was growing and where
they had CDMA as a mobile
technology, it was coming down. That is one.
“We have Blackberry; we have Nokia, Galaxy, Apple and all
the rest. So, you can see that developmental stage of GSM has overtaken CDMA. The simple cost of this is visibility. The
beauty of a technology is visibility, what the customer can see. The facilities
on the GSM are inevitable, so you
now find that all over the world the GSM
technology was growing and where they had CDMA as a mobile technology, it was coming down”
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| Chief Fatoye to Asabeafrika…’When Telkom bought over Multilinks, people who cannot afford to own a bicycle in their country started driving jeep and living in Banana Island’ |
Second, look at countries where CDMA has been very useful, it has been
a problem too; countries like India
and China. There have been problem
all over those markets and this is where the CDMA has major problem. And the worst of it is this. For instance
if I look at when I was in Multi-links,
I know how much interconnectivity levy we were paying to GSM operators. It is so high that if you miss one month as a
company, you can not cope the following month because you pay more than fifty
percent of your earnings to GSM operators for interconnectivity rate. We pay forty to fifty million Naira to
MTN, We pay fifty million to Air
Tel, fifty million to others and by
the time you turn it over it comes to billions in a year. So, that makes it an
economic problem and that is why the operators in the market are now in a very
big problem. Thirdly, one of the major problem is the issue of corporate
governance which has been the bane of our society in a long time; a situation
where you are running a small business but you want to look big. You are
spending money in a hard way just to look big. That makes it very, very
difficult for these small-small companies to grow. Because if I invest in the
stock of CDMA and that of GSM, you will discover that I will have
more returns on my GSM stock than the CDMA. So, those are the big issues that has affected that industry
and brought it to the all time fall.
a problem too; countries like India
and China. There have been problem
all over those markets and this is where the CDMA has major problem. And the worst of it is this. For instance
if I look at when I was in Multi-links,
I know how much interconnectivity levy we were paying to GSM operators. It is so high that if you miss one month as a
company, you can not cope the following month because you pay more than fifty
percent of your earnings to GSM operators for interconnectivity rate. We pay forty to fifty million Naira to
MTN, We pay fifty million to Air
Tel, fifty million to others and by
the time you turn it over it comes to billions in a year. So, that makes it an
economic problem and that is why the operators in the market are now in a very
big problem. Thirdly, one of the major problem is the issue of corporate
governance which has been the bane of our society in a long time; a situation
where you are running a small business but you want to look big. You are
spending money in a hard way just to look big. That makes it very, very
difficult for these small-small companies to grow. Because if I invest in the
stock of CDMA and that of GSM, you will discover that I will have
more returns on my GSM stock than the CDMA. So, those are the big issues that has affected that industry
and brought it to the all time fall.
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| Chief Fatoye to Asabeafrika…’Yes Telcoms of South Africa got our professional advice but i think they suffered an apatheid mentality’ |
How Starcomms crashed
Talking about cooperate governance
the case of the fall of Starcomms’ equities in the stock market recently comes
to mind. Being the only listed CDMA Company in the NSE, what was your
observation as a player in that industry?
the case of the fall of Starcomms’ equities in the stock market recently comes
to mind. Being the only listed CDMA Company in the NSE, what was your
observation as a player in that industry?
Starcomms was a little bit unfortunate at that
time because the stock market was initially booming until there was a big crash
and unfortunately, that was the time people were buying into Starcomms’ equity. And Starcomms was the only company that was
quoted in the stock exchange; so you find out that a lot of people need money
and there is no other telecommunications outfit that is quoted in the exchange.
None of them are in the exchange even the GSM companies. So for a CDMA like Starcomms to have taken that bold step
in the first place, I think it was good for the economic development of the
country. But the mistake was that people invested at the wrong time. Both the
fortunes of the technology and the economic atmosphere were dicey.
time because the stock market was initially booming until there was a big crash
and unfortunately, that was the time people were buying into Starcomms’ equity. And Starcomms was the only company that was
quoted in the stock exchange; so you find out that a lot of people need money
and there is no other telecommunications outfit that is quoted in the exchange.
None of them are in the exchange even the GSM companies. So for a CDMA like Starcomms to have taken that bold step
in the first place, I think it was good for the economic development of the
country. But the mistake was that people invested at the wrong time. Both the
fortunes of the technology and the economic atmosphere were dicey.
“Let me tell you what
happened; in those days, we didn’t have enough money to grow. That was the
basic problem because you now have to grow on returns on your tariff and other
services”.
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| Chief Ezekiel Fatoye to Asabeafrika…’I saw the crash of the CDMA sector coming early and that was why we sold Multilinks early enough’ |
MTN, GLO, Airtel others should be
listed.
listed.
Do you think the GSM Companies should
enlist on the exchange and be quoted as well?
enlist on the exchange and be quoted as well?
Yes, I think
they should be because the wealth they are getting now should be shared
accordingly. Nigerians should have a shareholding. They are taking a lot of
money out of the country and it shouldn’t be that way. No economy will tolerate
that kind of economic lapses. In fact without the Nigeria MTN, no any other country, even their mother country, South Africa, can give them that kind
of return on investment. They are rich for it; the contribution of the Nigerian
market is what is boosting the South African economy. That is one of the
advantages of the Nigerian market, we have a very huge market because of our
population and that makes the difference.
they should be because the wealth they are getting now should be shared
accordingly. Nigerians should have a shareholding. They are taking a lot of
money out of the country and it shouldn’t be that way. No economy will tolerate
that kind of economic lapses. In fact without the Nigeria MTN, no any other country, even their mother country, South Africa, can give them that kind
of return on investment. They are rich for it; the contribution of the Nigerian
market is what is boosting the South African economy. That is one of the
advantages of the Nigerian market, we have a very huge market because of our
population and that makes the difference.
Why Multi-Links went down
Talking about market power and
economic advantage, it occurred to me that when you guys were running
Multi-links, it was not so liberalized and opened to everyone as the market
share was just for the elites alone. Why was it like that?
economic advantage, it occurred to me that when you guys were running
Multi-links, it was not so liberalized and opened to everyone as the market
share was just for the elites alone. Why was it like that?
Let me tell
you what happened; in those days, we didn’t have enough money to grow. That was
the basic problem because you now have to grow on returns on your tariff and
other services. That is the only way you can grow. But if you pump money into
the system, maybe you can grow fat and extend your services into the villages
as the GSM did. We didn’t have that kind of money, you need foreign investment.
We didn’t have foreign investment. And I remember, when we started, at that
time, In fact we initially started with Starcomms,
because I was in Starcomms before I
left to join Multilinks. So, what
happened was that we tried to see how we can get money to move fast. Many of
the banks in those days will tell us, ‘oh, sorry, telecoms is a very risky
market’ that they can not put their money there. But now, after the advent of
GSM, every bank now wants to invest in telecommunications. They even have a
Telecommunications desk now just like they have Oil and Gas desk in their
branches. They even have General Managers and AGMs in charge of
telecommunications. That is as a result of the GSM revolution. So, in our own
time, we didn’t have that kind of economic luxury.
you what happened; in those days, we didn’t have enough money to grow. That was
the basic problem because you now have to grow on returns on your tariff and
other services. That is the only way you can grow. But if you pump money into
the system, maybe you can grow fat and extend your services into the villages
as the GSM did. We didn’t have that kind of money, you need foreign investment.
We didn’t have foreign investment. And I remember, when we started, at that
time, In fact we initially started with Starcomms,
because I was in Starcomms before I
left to join Multilinks. So, what
happened was that we tried to see how we can get money to move fast. Many of
the banks in those days will tell us, ‘oh, sorry, telecoms is a very risky
market’ that they can not put their money there. But now, after the advent of
GSM, every bank now wants to invest in telecommunications. They even have a
Telecommunications desk now just like they have Oil and Gas desk in their
branches. They even have General Managers and AGMs in charge of
telecommunications. That is as a result of the GSM revolution. So, in our own
time, we didn’t have that kind of economic luxury.
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| Chief Fatoye to Asabeafrika…’CDMA is the best technology in the world’ |
Your team also did something
interesting at the beginning of the advent of the GSM technology into the
Nigerian telecommunications market, Multi-Links was the first CDMA to sell off majority share to Telkom of South
Africa; because at that time, I had a privileged information that an American company was offering Zoom, a CDMA
competitor seventy million dollars but Senator Annie Okonkwo, the owner of the
company refused. In your own case, how
were you able to see clearly that market forces would sweep you out of business
if you don’t sell off?
interesting at the beginning of the advent of the GSM technology into the
Nigerian telecommunications market, Multi-Links was the first CDMA to sell off majority share to Telkom of South
Africa; because at that time, I had a privileged information that an American company was offering Zoom, a CDMA
competitor seventy million dollars but Senator Annie Okonkwo, the owner of the
company refused. In your own case, how
were you able to see clearly that market forces would sweep you out of business
if you don’t sell off?
I remember
we had a telecoms forum in Abuja
some years before we sold Multi-Links. I think I was sitting
next to Chief Lambadi (Chairman of
Starcomms) and Annie Okonkwo of Zoom was sitting next to Lambadi with a couple of other
players. Then it was the Starcomms
chairman who said, the way things are going, many companies are going to
collapse. And if they are going to collapse, it will be massive. At the time,
we were about thirteen to fourteen CDMA
operators and Chief Lambadi said he
can foresee what is going to happen in the near future and that we won’t have
more than two operators left. Even at that time, Visafone has not come to play or anything like it. So, I look at
the statement and I began to analyze it; later and I said the way GSM is going,
things are going to be difficult for the CDMA
operators eventually. So, the best thing is to ease out when the ovation is
still loud. People who failed to do so are now regretting it today.
we had a telecoms forum in Abuja
some years before we sold Multi-Links. I think I was sitting
next to Chief Lambadi (Chairman of
Starcomms) and Annie Okonkwo of Zoom was sitting next to Lambadi with a couple of other
players. Then it was the Starcomms
chairman who said, the way things are going, many companies are going to
collapse. And if they are going to collapse, it will be massive. At the time,
we were about thirteen to fourteen CDMA
operators and Chief Lambadi said he
can foresee what is going to happen in the near future and that we won’t have
more than two operators left. Even at that time, Visafone has not come to play or anything like it. So, I look at
the statement and I began to analyze it; later and I said the way GSM is going,
things are going to be difficult for the CDMA
operators eventually. So, the best thing is to ease out when the ovation is
still loud. People who failed to do so are now regretting it today.
So, you were able to make a wise
decision out of what Chief Lambadi said?
decision out of what Chief Lambadi said?
At least we
look at the market, we looked at what is going on, we looked at investment
profile and we looked at the business environment and customer reaction to
innovation and we said ‘yes, the best thing was to check out before we are
locked in’.
look at the market, we looked at what is going on, we looked at investment
profile and we looked at the business environment and customer reaction to
innovation and we said ‘yes, the best thing was to check out before we are
locked in’.
“There were so many
things they did wrong; everybody wanted to use jeep. In fact they nearly bought
all the jeeps manufactured in Nigeria. When you look at those days, you discover
that someone who can not afford more than a motor cycle in his country will
come here and use jeep and live in the most expensive place in the country”.
 |
| Chief Ezekiel Olasunmoye Fatoye to Asabeafrika…’I never regretted letting Multi-Links go off our sleeves’ |
How new owners messed up Multi-Links
So, would you say your new buyer,
Telkom bought a dead body?
Telkom bought a dead body?
No, Telkom did not make any wrong choice at
all; and that is why I mentioned corporate governance at the initial stage of
this interview. I don’t want to discuss that issue when it comes to telecoms
business because I think they (Telkom) bite their own fingers and even bite
than they could chew; it was poor management of resources that created the
problem of Telkom/Multi-links.
all; and that is why I mentioned corporate governance at the initial stage of
this interview. I don’t want to discuss that issue when it comes to telecoms
business because I think they (Telkom) bite their own fingers and even bite
than they could chew; it was poor management of resources that created the
problem of Telkom/Multi-links.
How do you mean, sir? Is it that you didn’t
give them a good local insight report before the transaction or what really
happened?
give them a good local insight report before the transaction or what really
happened?
No, I think
they came here (Nigeria) with a very wrong notion. They didn’t want to cut
their cloth according to their size, imagine in a transiting firm, every soul is now living in Banana Island, getting fat salary in
dollars, paying for long time duration over an investment that has not taken
off fully. In some places, they paid for ten years for services they won’t need
in a year’s time; bad administrative judgment.
There were so many things they did wrong; everybody wanted to use jeep.
In fact they nearly bought all the jeeps manufactured in Nigeria. When you look
at those days, you discover that someone who can not afford more than a motor
cycle in his country will come here and use jeep and live in the most expensive
place in the country. I think it is a wrong business strategy; for a business
man, it is wrong. If you want to be big, you must learn to grow gradually and
see how tomorrow will be. But you have
not grown, you are already borrowing money to be comfortable with yourself, to
be comfortable with your staff and besides, you know Telkom of South Africa is like our own NITEL. It is not a personal
company, it is a government owned company. It belongs to nobody. So, the best
you can make out of it, you make. I am not saying they didn’t do due diligence
but they came with a wrong notion. They came with a very wrong notion to the
extent that they even bought one million hand sets that they wouldn’t need and
just kept it in their store. And most unfortunately, our engineers in those
days had special machines to dig and lay fiber all over the country; they sold
those machines out and started renting mast from other operators. They were
even renting mast in areas they were not going to have service and even renting
mast on spots that is co-located with their own mast; you have your own mast
that is working and you see another person’s mast and you pay for that as well,
and you are paying for five- to ten years lease; wrong investment drive; that
was one of the things that collapsed Multi-Links.
they came here (Nigeria) with a very wrong notion. They didn’t want to cut
their cloth according to their size, imagine in a transiting firm, every soul is now living in Banana Island, getting fat salary in
dollars, paying for long time duration over an investment that has not taken
off fully. In some places, they paid for ten years for services they won’t need
in a year’s time; bad administrative judgment.
There were so many things they did wrong; everybody wanted to use jeep.
In fact they nearly bought all the jeeps manufactured in Nigeria. When you look
at those days, you discover that someone who can not afford more than a motor
cycle in his country will come here and use jeep and live in the most expensive
place in the country. I think it is a wrong business strategy; for a business
man, it is wrong. If you want to be big, you must learn to grow gradually and
see how tomorrow will be. But you have
not grown, you are already borrowing money to be comfortable with yourself, to
be comfortable with your staff and besides, you know Telkom of South Africa is like our own NITEL. It is not a personal
company, it is a government owned company. It belongs to nobody. So, the best
you can make out of it, you make. I am not saying they didn’t do due diligence
but they came with a wrong notion. They came with a very wrong notion to the
extent that they even bought one million hand sets that they wouldn’t need and
just kept it in their store. And most unfortunately, our engineers in those
days had special machines to dig and lay fiber all over the country; they sold
those machines out and started renting mast from other operators. They were
even renting mast in areas they were not going to have service and even renting
mast on spots that is co-located with their own mast; you have your own mast
that is working and you see another person’s mast and you pay for that as well,
and you are paying for five- to ten years lease; wrong investment drive; that
was one of the things that collapsed Multi-Links.
 |
| Chief Ezekiel Fatoye in his hey days as Multilinks Director |
Telkom Management was arrogant!
Didn’t Telkom management consult you
guys on local insights after take-over processes in order not to burn their
fingers in the deal?
guys on local insights after take-over processes in order not to burn their
fingers in the deal?
Well, that
is not their concern. Before I left I was able to give some members of the new
management my own view about what I feel and on how to run things here. But I
also discovered that they came with this apartheid
orientation; and that is a problem. You know Nigerians are very arrogant,
Nigerians are proud. Naturally, Nigerians will not accept to be a second fiddle
in their own environment. So, I discovered that they came with that orientation
at the time and that turned out to be a very fatal mistake on their part.
is not their concern. Before I left I was able to give some members of the new
management my own view about what I feel and on how to run things here. But I
also discovered that they came with this apartheid
orientation; and that is a problem. You know Nigerians are very arrogant,
Nigerians are proud. Naturally, Nigerians will not accept to be a second fiddle
in their own environment. So, I discovered that they came with that orientation
at the time and that turned out to be a very fatal mistake on their part.
Being your baby, didn’t you feel sad
that Multi-Links went aground?
that Multi-Links went aground?
I think I
started with NITEL, NITEL died. And Multi-Links
is also dying. In fact I think there is still hope if government is prepared to
salvage the CDMA industry. The hope for them to live a bit longer, I am not
saying it will be the final decision to make it stay. For instance, I was
proposing that if they can adopt what is being done in some places now where
you have the “Bill and Keep” method
of inter-connect regime, which means you pay nobody and nobody pays you. If you
have a bill & Keep for instance,
it will help you to survive the financial burden of interconnectivity tax.
Because you pay nobody and nobody pays you. All the money you pay to the GSM
operators or any other operator, you keep it to develop yourself. And that will
give you some leverage, at least some business space.
started with NITEL, NITEL died. And Multi-Links
is also dying. In fact I think there is still hope if government is prepared to
salvage the CDMA industry. The hope for them to live a bit longer, I am not
saying it will be the final decision to make it stay. For instance, I was
proposing that if they can adopt what is being done in some places now where
you have the “Bill and Keep” method
of inter-connect regime, which means you pay nobody and nobody pays you. If you
have a bill & Keep for instance,
it will help you to survive the financial burden of interconnectivity tax.
Because you pay nobody and nobody pays you. All the money you pay to the GSM
operators or any other operator, you keep it to develop yourself. And that will
give you some leverage, at least some business space.
 |
| High Chief Ezekiel Olasunmoye Fatoye the Telecoms guru |
Can you analyze the Bill & Keep
Concept properly so that a lot of people can understand?
It is not
new to people in the industry. It is something we have been talking about for a
long time. The idea is that if I collect hundred million naira today, and it
happens that I made that hundred million because of my interaction with MTN,
GLO and the rest, I will keep that hundred million naira, I don’t need to pay
them anything. Whatever they make on my network, they keep it. If we do that
for a period of five years, then we will see what we have made. So, you don’t
need to pay interconnectivity bill, you can come into me, I can come into you.
new to people in the industry. It is something we have been talking about for a
long time. The idea is that if I collect hundred million naira today, and it
happens that I made that hundred million because of my interaction with MTN,
GLO and the rest, I will keep that hundred million naira, I don’t need to pay
them anything. Whatever they make on my network, they keep it. If we do that
for a period of five years, then we will see what we have made. So, you don’t
need to pay interconnectivity bill, you can come into me, I can come into you.
(Watch out for
Concluding Part of the Chief Ezekiel Fatoye’s Exclusive on “How Abacha killed NITEL
over David Mark” on this blog after this time out)
Concluding Part of the Chief Ezekiel Fatoye’s Exclusive on “How Abacha killed NITEL
over David Mark” on this blog after this time out)
